dos.2 Problems with existing studies

Because dowry are legally prohibited during the Asia and you will Bangladesh, some one usually hesitate to show precise dowry number. The quality matter on dowry in the Indian dataset asks on the community-centered dowry. Particularly, the brand new Asia Person Invention Questionnaire asks “Generally in your community for children including your own personal, which are the form of things that are given because the merchandise during the latest daughter’s marriage?” A residential area-created dowry is not necessarily the identical to a single dowry, that is paid off from the bride’s mothers during relationships. Rather, the question from dowry lets only a binary respond to, we.elizabeth., even though a positive level of dowry try paid down (elizabeth.g., Survey to your Status of females and you will Virility both in Asia and you may Pakistan). A binary respond to, of course, cannot promote far additional information. The norm of if or not an optimistic dowry amount exists matches so you can, which can be mainly told me of the, ethnic, religious, and you will status experiences inside South China.

Just like the dowry isn’t lawfully blocked in Pakistan, the total amount really paid back from the female respondent’s parents can be asked versus booking within the a good Pakistani dataset for instance the Pakistan Rural Domestic Survey. No matter if Pakistani interviewees might not purposefully cover genuine information about dowry methods, the new survey could possibly get however include remember mistakes while the participants need certainly to recall the newest dowry number repaid from the its mothers in the past. Contour 1a plots the newest forecast number of actual dowry values measured during the Pakistani Rupees from inside the 2004 to marriage 12 months playing with analysis away from the fresh new Pakistan Outlying House Survey. As the opinion is the fact real dowry number is actually expanding, or perhaps display a non-declining trend, the latest shape suggests the entire interest regarding recall problems. Put differently, the newest longer this new pit within interviewees’ wedding in addition to bear in mind big date, a lot more likely he or she is to help you overestimate the fresh dowry number.

Matchmaking between women’s ounts. The new line shows the fresh new predicted genuine level of dowry regressed toward ladies marriage 12 months. The newest shaded area reveals 95% depend on interval of your own predict level of dowry. The details types of (a) and (b) is actually Pakistan Rural House Survey 2004, in addition to outlying family survey conducted of the publisher into the 2013, correspondingly

step three Studies

Into the better of the degree, study gathered within study could be the first to look at clearly a standard habit of overestimate an expense paid off extended back. Just as the services from before accumulated analysis, ours also are retrospective; although not, considering it tendency, we such as for example implemented particular services to minimize survey remember errors. Eg, i required the degree of each other area-founded dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry number paid off during the time of new respondent’s matrimony (retrospective). As the Pakistani dowry include gold/precious jewelry, gowns, seats, kitchenware, and stuff like that, i queried dowry wide variety because of the product. When we sensed an excellent respondent’s overestimation of one’s dowry count, especially in the scenario out-of a married relationship that happened good very long time ago, as dowry try displayed, we could and you will performed see these types of amounts with people who attended the new ceremony. Thus, the studies towards predict genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t show people coming down pattern, in contrast having people said in Fig. 1a.

step three.step 1 Questionnaire

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the Bliv pГҐ hjemmesiden time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).